Sound in Film and Cinema

Sound plays a vital role in film and helps shape the way the viewer reacts and watches a motion picture. Sound influences and enhances what we see on the projector screen. Film critic and music composer Michael Chion breaks down sound into different groups which each play a role in the making of a film. 

Michael Chion describes sound and listening in three different types of modes: causal, semantic, and reduced listening. “Causal listening refers to the listening of a sound in order to gather information about its cause or source (Chion 25).” Semantic listening is listening for the purpose of gaining information about what is communicated in the sound and language. Reduced listening is listening for the purpose of focusing on the qualities of sound itself such as pitch or timbre, which is independent of its source or meaning. 

In the film Bad Boys II with Will Smith and Martin Lawrence, each of the three listening modes are used. In one of the last scenes of the movie, the two policemen gear up for a huge battle in which they rescue a hostage while under gunfire from the Cuban army. They enter a mansion surrounded by armored guards and men as they make their way through the house trying to find the hostage. They are able to successfully escape with the hostage as they leave in a car with the mansion exploding in the background. The sound first heard in this scene uses causal listening with miners digging an underground tunnel. The clang of the digging indicates that men are underground and are moving quickly. In addition, the semantic sounds of the policemen’s voices are heard as they instruct each other where to go. This is causal listening as well as semantic listening. The barking of instructions indicate that the voice is from one of the policemen and from semantic listening you can hear that the voice is from actor Will Smith without even seeing him in the picture. In the background, as the policemen prepare to enter the house, the reverberation of a drum is heard as a reduced sound to create suspense. Immediately, the explosion from a rocket launcher rips through the air followed by the panicked voices of the enemy soldiers. This fleeting moment uses all three listening modes. Causal listening is used to determine that the source of the explosion is the rocket launcher and reduced listening indicates that magnitude of the explosion and its effects on the building. Finally, semantic listening is used determine that the panicked voices belong to the Cuban soldiers who are under attack. Then the crash of shattered glass and windows is heard through reduced listening as well as the sound of the approaching enemy vehicles as the policemen make their way towards the hostage. As bullets and machine gun fire whiz by the policemen in another example of reduced listening, the clatter of footsteps and shouting is heard loud and clear to convey an atmosphere of chaos and confusion. The shouting of the men as they escape is another instance of semantic listening as the viewer realizes that it is coming from actor Martin Lawrence. 

Sound is able to influence what we see and affect its images by bringing to life the images on the screen. The sound of a grenade making a huge explosion magnifies it effects on the scene at hand. The noises make the scene and actions come alive and seem all the more real. The noise of miners digging tunnels makes you believe that you are really inside that tunnel with the characters in the film. Listening to sound in a film also makes the viewer react more to the action or scene. For example, the noise of a machine gun firing rapidly several rounds of bullets at a time makes it seem all the more remarkable of a feat when the actors miraculously escape a hail of bullets while running for their lives. Awed at such a scene, the audience thinks, “how did they do that” or “that was amazing.” Furthermore, the listening of sound captures the viewer’s attention and wraps them into the scene. The noise of several helicopter in the sky dashing across the ocean gives the impression that a huge action scene is about to occur or a crucial point in the film’s plot is on the brink.

Asian Stereotypes in Film History

Since the beginning of film, directors have manipulated the art to portray what they want; the concept of art imitating reality hasn’t always been encouraged. In fact, stereotypes of ethnic groups have run amuck in the industry, despite how truthful these stereotypes really are. For example, D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation is full of racist ideals about African Americans and promotes awful stereotypes that led to riots and hatred when it was first released. Another group of people that has taken a second-class status in comparison to Caucasians in the film industry is that of Asians. While there have been some successful Asian actors to take leading roles in early film, the majority of them were cast in small, non-speaking roles such as servant, laundry man, and shopkeeper. Even in movies where the plot centered on an Asian person, Caucasians were cast in those roles. In movies such as Broken Blossoms (1919), Lady from Chungking (1942), Three Came Home (1950), Love is a Many Splendored Thing (1955), Blood Alley (1955), and The World of Suzie Wong (1960), stereotypes of Asians are all over the place, to include the four main stereotypical roles: Dragon Lady, Yellow Peril, Charlie Chan and Lotus Blossom, and it is evident from these films how society viewed this group of people. 

D.W. Griffith’s Broken Blossoms is a silent film that is a perfect example of how Asians were viewed during this time period. The film is about a “yellow man,” Cheng Huan, who leaves his home country in order to teach white men about the Buddhist message of peace. The title character is obviously an Asian man, but audiences are not given any specificity as to what exact nationality he is; “distinctions among Asians of different nationalities went unrecognized” (Shah 3). The interesting part about the main character is that although the story is about an Asian man, the actor playing this role, Richard Barthelmess, is Caucasian, thus illustrating Hollywood’s reluctance to give a leading role to a person of Oriental background. This practice of making white actors look Asian was called “yellowface.” One justification offered by Hollywood for yellowface “was that white actors simply made better ‘Orientals’ than Asian actors did. This was probably true, since the white actors were often actively trying to play ‘Orientals,’ trying to play the stereotypes, while the Asian actors were perhaps trying to play humans” (Ito 3). It is also important to note that there were some Asian actors in this film, such as the shopkeeper who sold the flowers, but none played speaking roles and virtually faded into the background. 

Once settled in Europe, Cheng becomes discouraged and submits himself to the role of “chink storekeeper,” a main stereotypical role that directors tended to give people of Oriental background. Later on, he meets and falls in love with Lucy Burrows, a girl whose father beats her. Being the established Asian, Cheng is subservient and tends to her every need, dressing her in silks and watching over her until she gets better. Despite the gratitude and perhaps love she feels for him, she asks him, “What makes you so good to me Chinky?” While the term “chinky” may not have been as derogatory as it is today, Lucy could have just as well referred to him by his name instead of such a stereotypical title. When Lucy’s father Battling Burrows finds out that she has taken refuge with Cheng, he is outraged: “A Chink after his daughter? He’ll learn him.” “In Hollywood, Asian men were depicted as menacing, predatory, and lusting after white women. These images, in films such as Broken Blossoms and The Cheat… helped perpetuate the Yellow Peril stereotype of Asian males” (Shah 3). The next title states, “Above all, Battling hates those not born in the same country as him,” once again illustrating the racism against Asians that was rampant in that day. 

Another film that portrays the Asian culture through stereotypes is William Nigh’s Lady from Chungking. Anna May Wong plays Madame Kwan Mei, a Chinese aristocrat who has been captured by Japanese troops during early World War II. She and other prisoners who are forced to work in slave labor plot to kill the Japanese general, who is incidentally played by Harold Huber, a white man. “During much of the so-called Golden Age of Hollywood, scores of actors, big-name actors, had no moral qualms about taking roles that required them to ‘slant’ their eyes, do that funny walk, and practice their embarrassingly poor ‘Oriental’ accents’” (Ito 2). As his lady companion, Madame Kwan Mei becomes the diversion the Chinese need to put their plans into action. She dresses seductively and persuades the general that she will remain at his side and that she will submit to his every desire. “Moviegoers were fed erotic images of the China Doll as concubine, supple in cheongsam attire, secret danger cocked in her eyes, graceful as a snow leopard” (Nga 2). 

In this film, although Wong is ultimately the hero, she is often depicted as a cold-hearted Dragon Lady, one of the main stereotypes found to describe Asian actors. “A journalist reporting on the Chinese Empress Tsu-hsi coined the term when he referred to the monarch as a ‘reptilian dragon lady who arranged the poisoning, strangling, beheading or forced suicide of anyone who challenged her rule’” (Shah 3). The men she leads question her motives, especially when she sits by at the general’s side and quietly watches the elderly men from her group be executed. “In Hollywood films, Asian women were depicted as diabolical, sneaky and mean, but with the added characteristics of being sexually alluring and sophisticated and determined to seduce and corrupt” (Shah 3). By this time, a few Asian actors were able to land leading roles, but even they were tired of the stereotypes they had to play. In Thi Thanh Nga’s article “The Long March from Wong to Woo: Asians in Hollywood,” he writes: 

Anna May Wong explains her reason for leaving Hollywood- “I was tired of the parts I had to play. Why is it that on the screen the Chinese are nearly always the villain of the peace, and so cruel a villain- murderous, treacherous, a snake in the grass. We are not like that. How could we be, with a civilization so many times older than that of the West? We have our rigid code of behavior, of honor. Why do they never show those on the screen?” (1) 

Another stereotype that is seen throughout the film is the brutality of the Japanese, which was a result of the war. In the first scene, a Japanese soldier beats a child because he is not working in the fields. “Between 1931 and the end of World War II, U.S. fear of Japan as a growing imperial power led to images of cruel Japanese soldiers abusing the Chinese and other Asian populations” (Shah 4). 

Continuing with World War II propaganda, Jean Negulesco’s Three Came Home is another film that endorses cruel stereotypes of the Japanese. Claudette Corbert stars as American writer Agnes Newton Keith in her true account of how she survived a Japanese concentration camp. The Japanese soldiers throughout this film are portrayed as cruel, apathetic men, and there are an abundance of scenes that elucidate this image. As Mrs. Keith and her son are boarding the truck to take them away from their home to the prison camp, she struggles to get her suitcase onto the landing; she looks up at the soldier there, perhaps wondering if he will help her. He only looks back down at her, a blank expression on his face, and it is then that she realizes their inability to have compassion. In another scene, Betty, Mrs. Keith’s close friend, makes fun of another woman in front of a Japanese guard; thinking that she is making fun of him, he beats her mercilessly. When Mrs. Keith makes the accusation that a Japanese soldier assaulted her one night in the yard, she is beaten in order to be persuaded to sign a statement renouncing her allegation. The director of this film also reinforces the soldiers’ brutality by doing a few scenes that cut quickly from one to the next, showing Mrs. Keith being slapped or pushed around. 

The interesting part about Three Came Home is that the Japanese soldiers’ cold-heartedness is contrasted with the Japanese colonel’s humanity. Despite his position, Colonel Suga, played by Sessue Hayakawa, quickly becomes a relatively likable character in the beginning of the film when he meets Mrs. Keith; he has requested to meet her because he has read her book and admires her writing. Later on, he has tea with her at the concentration camp and even turns to her for sympathy when he discovers his family has been killed in the bombing of Hiroshima. The most poignant scene that illustrates Colonel Suga’s humanity is when he takes Mrs. Keith’s son and a few other children to his house to eat. This move by Negulesco to portray a kind-hearted Japanese authority figure and move away from the harsh Asian stereotypes reveals the progress Hollywood was making towards a more racially-friendly mindset. As a result, Hayakawa, although one of the most successful Asian actors during this time period, was able to elevate his career even more. “Like other actors, had Hayakawa been no more than a victim of a stereotype, had he not been able to differentiate himself from the simplicity of an accepted idea, he likely would not have enjoyed the success that he did” (Kirihara 92). 

Henry King’s Love is a Many Splendored Thing is another film that takes Asian stereotypes into a different direction. In this movie, a Eurasian doctor named Han Suyin meets and falls in love with Mark Elliot, a war correspondent. Once again, a Caucasian woman, Jennifer Jones, is cast in the leading role, revealing Hollywood’s lack of confidence in an Asian actress to do the job. 

Another justification was that there just weren’t any ‘qualified’ or talented Asian or Asian-American actors… Of course, this type of thinking is a catch-22 for so many Asian actors who can’t find work because they lack experience, and can’t get experience because all the good Asian roles go to white actors. (Ito 3) 

Suyin is initially portrayed as an antithesis to the typical Asian woman. She is a doctor and even seems to preside over some of her male colleagues. She does not seek a husband to take care of her and does very well on her own. She wisely refuses to go out with Mark because she has already been hurt in the past; her husband was a general who was killed in war. She tries to remain steadfast to her convictions but eventually does give in. As she falls in love with Mark, the stereotype of Asian women being subservient comes out in this film by the way she gives in completely to him. The end of World War II generated a Lotus Blossom stereotype, an “Asian woman as submissive, meek and ready to serve a man’s every need” (Shah 4), and Suyin definitely falls into this category. The Lotus Blossom stereotype stems from the loyalty of a Japanese prostitute in Puccini’s opera “Madam Butterfly.” A naval officer fakes a wedding to live with Cho-Cho-San, and when he leaves for home, she remains faithful to him and raises his son (Shah 4). Despite the fact that she clearly has an important job, she takes off from work in order to spend time with him, to remain loyal to him. When he asks her to stay longer, she does so without even a second thought. Her work-conscious attitude has been transformed by love. 

As a result of their interracial relationship, Suyin ultimately becomes the epitome of a stereotypical Asian woman. An interracial relationship during this time was greatly frowned upon, and this is shown by the attitudes of Dr. Sen and Mrs. Palmer-Jones, whose husband runs the hospital. Dr. Sen tells Suyin that she has lost her job because of her relationship with Mark. Not only does she lose her job and her home, but in the end, Mark is killed while covering police action in Korea. This tragic ending leads one to believe that the director is trying to reinforce the idea that Asians and Americans should not mix. By the end of the movie, Suyin has reverted into the typical Asian woman, having to rely on others to help support her.
Another film that is full of Asian stereotypes is Blood Alley, directed by William Wellman. Captain Tom Wilder, played by John Wayne, helps an entire Chinese village escape to Hong Kong, away from the yokes of communism, by transporting them on an old ferry boat along the coast through a dangerous alleyway of water. Throughout this movie, the villagers who are trying to escape are constantly seen as hard-working, ingenious, subservient, and obedient, all stereotypical characteristics of Asians. With the help of Cathy Grainger, played by Lauren Bacall, they are able to break Captain Wilder out of the prison he has been locked up in for years. They concoct an elaborate plan to leave the area, including securing a new engine for the ferry boat they are going to steal, stealing the ferry boat by pretending to sink it, and dropping enough rocks into the bay so that guard boats that would attempt to follow them would be cut off. During their voyage, Captain Wilder has full command of the boat, and whatever he says, goes. When they are running low on water for the boat, he tells them to stop drinking tea, and they obediently pour it back into the jug. When they stop in the ship graveyard to gather wood, all of the villagers are out there, working hard together. One particular character in this movie that clearly defines the Charlie Chan stereotype is Big Han, who is played by Mike Mazurki. Big Han becomes Captain Wilder’s right-hand man and is completely obedient to whatever he says. After they have stolen the boat, Big Han leaves to take a nap before the big escape, but Captain Wilder tells him to make preparations instead; Big Han doesn’t even blink an eye and immediately adheres to the command. The Charlie Chan stereotype was a mysterious man, possessing awesome powers of deduction. Yet, he was deferential to white, non-threatening, and revealed his ‘Asian wisdom’ in snippets of “fortune-cookie” dialog. This quiet, unassertive and ostensibly positive character evolved from a derogatory Asian character in popular fiction: the Asian domestic servants who were commonly called Charlie- as in “Good boy, Charlie”- by their employers (Shah 4). 

There were, of course, also some negative stereotypes of Asians in this film. For example, the Feng family was headed by Old Feng, a traditionalist who was stuck in old China times. The villagers force the Feng family to come with them because they were a part of the village, and out of pure cruelty, members of that clan poison the food stock on the boat. Ultimately, Old Feng is accidentally shot and killed by communists who are pursuing the ferry boat full of escapees, thus revealing the stereotype that traditionalist Asians are stubborn to the core. Another thing to notice in this film is the role that Susu, Cathy’s maid, plays. Joy Kim, the actress portraying this character and one of the few Asians who have a speaking role, often uses very broken English. In fact, her language is so broken that she is primarily there for comedic relief. Being unable to speak proper English is clearly another stereotype forced upon Asians in the film industry. 

Richard Quine’s The World of Suzie Wong is another film that can be analyzed to be full of Asian stereotypes. Suzie Wong, played by actress Nancy Kwan, is a prostitute who falls in love with Robert Lomax, played by William Holden, who has taken a year off from his office job to try his hand at being an artist in Hong Kong. Initially, Suzie fits into the role of a Chinese “wan chai” girl, a typical seducer. She lies to Robert on the ferry boat about what her identity is; later on when she sees him in the bar that is frequented by prostitutes and sailors, she pretends like she doesn’t know him. Because he is an artist and carries some prestige as such, she tries to get him to sleep with her in order to up her own prestige. Later, he asks her to be her model, and she twists things around to her friends in order to make it seem like something it’s not. She does and says whatever it takes to get what she wants, playing up the stereotypical exotic Asian woman with a hint of Dragon Lady. She has men falling all over her, seeking her attention, and she is the most popular “wan chai” girl in that bar. 

As the film continues, Suzie begins to transition into another stereotypical role, that of the Lotus Blossom. The more time they spend together, the more she falls in love with Robert. She then transforms into a condescendingly fragile woman who needs to be cared for by her man, a typical role played by Asian actresses. When she gets beaten up by a sailor, she intentionally goes up to Robert’s room to show him in order to provoke him to want to care for her. Later on, after he knocks the sailor out into the street, she confesses that she’s been man-handled plenty of times before and that this isn’t anything new to her. She really just wanted to have someone to take care of her. 

In keeping with the stereotype of broken language seen in Blood Alley, the director of The World of Suzie Wong also tries to distribute this point across to his audiences. Suzie often speaks without the use of articles. Her very first words to Robert are “No talk,” meaning, “Don’t talk to me.” Her simplistic way of speaking makes her seem like a simplistic character, which we find out is not true as the plot unfolds. She also uses the phrase, “For goodness sake,” repeatedly throughout the film. This can be seen as an unsuccessful attempt to cross the cultural boundaries that are before her. Although Asians often do speak as such, this stereotype is demeaning to those people who can speak proper English. By portraying the lead character in such a way, audiences can come to the misconception that all Asians speak and act in an uneducated manner. 

Since the first silent film appeared in the United States, stereotypes, primarily those of minorities, have been all over the place. A prime example is the way Asians have been portrayed since practically the beginning of the industry. Asian actors and actresses have played mere minor, non-speaking roles such as laundry men, storekeepers, maids and servants; World War II brought about roles of brutal soldiers. “‘Giving the audience what they want’ was a common justification for this one-sided deal, which was a nice way of saying that audience members didn’t want to have to look at Oriental actors for any extended period of time” (Ito 3). If perhaps awarded the opportunity to be able to partake in a speaking or leading part, women were cast as seductive prostitutes, evil aristocrats or submissive lovers. Men played wise and passive Buddhists or ferocious, women-seeking generals. Because of these constricting roles that Asians often had no choice but to take, society in general has taken to labeling this group of people in these ways. 

[T]he stereotypes represented in the fourfold typology described above help many white Americans to understand Asians as a dangerous threat to be policed and controlled, or as a complacent and benign presence that could be largely ignored or harmlessly assimilated. In any case, Hollywood stereotypes of Asians – much like the discourse of Orientalism – help whites maintain social and cultural differences that are at the heart of ascribing and maintaining Asian American identities. (Shah 8)
While it is easy to interject that many of these stereotypes have died out in modern film, it is also important to note that new ones have arisen in their places, and minorities may be forever doomed to carry images that are really not their own. 

Digital Photography Home-Business Opportunities

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For the next seven years, digital photography is forecasted to remain steady as a job opportunity for those that are interested in this field. While the competition is expected be strong amongst photographers and the demand for jobs will fall below the number of photographers there are expected to emerge in this field.

The most successful photographers exhibit traits in being creative, able to adapt rapidly to technology changes, and management proficiency. There are digital photography business courses available to help you gain the competitive edge. You will be able to start your own full or part-time business when you develop a good business sens and keep up-to-date on the rapidly changing technology.

There are many areas that you can pursue in a digital photography home business. I will cover a few of the areas for digital photography businesses.

Real Estate
Each year there are millions of homes sold in the US and real estate agents use at least one picture to advertise the property online, in magazines, in brochures, and in newspapers. As a digital photographer you could earn $50 to $100 a house working with real estate agents or others involved in real estate.

Portraits
There are many locations that you can use for a photo shoot. Many people like to have a professional portrait done of themselves for various reasons. The common charge for a shoot is $100 per hour and an additional $50 to $100 for prints and enlargements. There is also a strong demand for pet and children's portraits.

Sports
Being a photographer for sporting events can be profitable and exhilarating. As a sports photographer, you can submit your photos to event organizations, to participants and publications, local news agencies, and a variety of other types of news and sporting sites. The local minor league teams could pay $50 to $200 for team photos with extra sales potential for prints, premium items such as photo trading cards, T-shirts, and reprint. Do not forget your local school teams either as there is a hidden potential for a photo shoot for these teams.

Commercials
Every year there are billions of dollars spent on product advertisements. Commercial photography is normally limited to the more experienced photographers who can charges as much as $2,500 a day for high end product shots. There is also an opportunity for those that can also do shoots for the local chamber of commerce for their websites, local businesses for websites, and a wide array of other ways to earn as a commercial photographer.

Glamour
There are many beauty salons, hair dressers, and modeling agencies that use photos to help promote their services and products. While it is not uncommon for them to pay more than $150 an hour for promotional shoots with images that can be used for brochures, online advertising, point of sale materials, and business cards. There is an opportunity for those that wish to have photos of their staff and customers photographed for in house promotions or for conventions.

Stock Photography
There are agencies that specialize in stock photos that they resell to business for promotional purposes. For you to have your work listed with them they normally require a minimum submission of 300 to 500 photographs. As a stock photographer you can submit photos such as travel photos, landscape, people, animals, still life, and various other types of images that will appeal to their customers. The commissions for stock photographers can range from $5 to $100 for images that their customers purchase through their agencies.

News and Events
Many local newspapers, magazines, and newscasts often look for interesting human interest stories and pictures. The requirements for each of the types of periodicals will vary, but it is possible to have your pictures published, receive credit as a tag line, and possibly a payment for your photo.

Wedding Photography
There are photographers who will establish a wedding package of 25 to 40 prints that will retail for $1,500 to $3000. Normally this a type of shoot will take two days to work, the first day is to shoot the event and the second day is to process and prepare the album.

Graduation
There are parents who wish to have a professional photograph took of their graduate walking down the aisle and across the stage at graduation. The charges for photos could range from $5 to $10.

How to Make Baby Crib Sheets

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The great thing about making your own baby crib sheets is that you can choose from thousands of fabrics available, rather than settle for the few choices at your local department store. The sheets are very easy to make, especially if you have a serger, or over-lock machine.

If you'll be using regular cotton fabric, cut the material 68" long. For flannel, cut two inches longer, since flannel will often shrink. If the material is pre-shrunk, cut to 68". With flannel, however, after being washed once, it's often very noticeable, so if the sheets are a gift you may consider cutting the flannel extra long rather than pre-shrinking.

Lay the fabric out flat on a table and cut an 8" square off of each corner. The easiest way to do this is to cut a piece of cardboard to 8"x8", then use it as a pattern to cut around. Lay the cardboard on one corner and cut around it, then move on to the next corner. After cutting the block out of each corner you are ready to stitch.

On each corner, fold the cut portion, right sides together, and angles aligning. Serge or stitch across to form a pocket. Do this for each of the four corners. Use quarter-inch elastic and stitch it to the entire perimeter of the sheet. Pull the elastic slightly, while sewing around the corners, then just stitch the sides without tugging. When you get to the second corner, again pull the elastic slightly, all the way around the corner.

If you're using a serger, the elastic can be sewn in while stitching, but be sure not to get the elastic too close to the knife. If the elastic hits the knife just once, you'll have to reinstall the elastic. To prevent this, especially if you are a beginner, serge around the perimeter, then use a single-needle machine to attach the elastic.

If you're using a single-needle machine for the entire job, you can do the elastic a couple of different ways. One way is to sew the elastic into the sheet with a zig-zag stitch, then call it finished. Another way is to fold the edge of the sheet over the elastic, hiding it as you stitch. A third way is to stitch the elastic all the way in, then go back and fold it over, stitching it again. That technique will hide the elastic and is easier for some beginners.

It's not entirely necessary to place the elastic all the way around the sheet. Many people simply sew elastic into the corners. To do this, cut four pieces of elastic, each 9" long. Find the center of the elastic and place it at the corner seam. Stitch half of the elastic on, pulling it slightly as you sew. Now go back to the center and sew in the opposite direction, tugging the elastic slightly as you sew the second half. After putting in all four pieces of elastic you can then go back and turn the elastic under, if desired, and stitch.

If you're wanting to make sheets for a toddler bed instead of a crib, use the same method but measure the mattress of the toddler bed, from the underside of one end to the underside of the other end, and use that measurement instead of the crib sheet measurement. You'll find it very easy to make the sheets and the little baby will enjoy them tremendously, even if he can't tell you personally.

A Look at Some Helpful Photography Websites With Beginner Photography Tips and Advice For Pros

Photo Credit: celtics baby clothes

When I was in high school I found my moms old Nikon camera. I always wanted to get into photography but didn't know anything about it. So I got a job at a photo lab and took that camera with me everywhere. I'd bring the film into work the next day to see what I had learned and how the photos turned out. When prom time came around a bunch of my friends wanted me to do their prom pictures. So I borrowed a nicer camera from a friend and charged my friends to shoot their prom pictures. I made enough money to buy my first camera. After that it was a start of a dream

Since then I have done paintball photography for a world wide magazine, been a sports photographer, wedding photographer, school photographer, child photographer, and every kind of photographer in between. These are a list of sites I used when I first started out that I found to be invaluable.


www.photographytips.com
Great site that is some what member based. You can look around most of the site for free but if you want to access everything there is to see you can sign up online for only $5.00 a month. There are great articles on subjects from composition, to light, to how to use your flash. There are also some great galleries so that you can learn by example. Every page is filled with helpful information and numerous pictures that help explain the topic of the article.

www.photosecrets.com
This site may not be graphicly pleasing but it covers its bases. The tips are divided up into beginner, intermediate, and advanced. The beginner section covers topics like what kind of camera and film you should buy as well as how to take better pictures of people. he intermediate section talks about quipment, hot to tackle more complicated subjects, and travel photography. The advanced section is more about selling photos, more details about film, and the use of filters. The only thing I Don't like is there are no photos on any of the pages. I think a photography site should have pictures!

www.kodak.com
As one would expect this site covers everything that is photography. This site is easily to scroll through and has a wide variety of topics. Learn the best way to photograph your baby, take better vacation pictures, or photograph your pet. The site also covers topics like printing pictures, sharing pictures, and getting started in digital. The photographs on the site are great and offer some step by step examples of topics discussed in the articles. There are also interactive demos on different subjects that are worth checking out. You can even research information on
film and digital cameras.

www.photonhead.com
This site offers a great tool for the photographer who wants a better understanding of shutter speeds and f-stops. This is the hardest concept to grasp when starting out=t in photography. I know, Ive been there. No matter how many times its explained you just Don't quite get it. This site offers a tool where you can set shutter speeds ad and f-stops in any combination and see what the effect would be. You have a sample photo to your left and to your right you can see what it would look like with your f-stop and shutter speed combo. This is a great tool that helps you learn about f-stops, shutter speed, focal length, and depth of field.

www.betterphoto.com
This site offers online photography course for the photographer who wants to become a professional. The online classes are rated for skill level of the photographer. Classes usually include weekly assignments and have the course instructor personally look over your work. Course range from the business of photography to how to use photoshop and many other topics. Classes vary in price. A 8week class could be between $200-$400. If your aren't happy with your course by the third assignment there is a money back guarantee.

www.scphoto.com
This is one of the best sites I can recommend for young photographers who need direction. This site was created by a high school photography teacher. Its is a free lesson plan that offers homework for photographer. The best thing it offers is assignments on different areas of photography. There are assignments for learning magazine photography,lighting, concepts, and much much more. There are list of words and terminology you should new. Its basically a free high school photography class. I went through the whole lesson plan when I was teaching my self photography and highly recommend it.

Photosecrets.com


Photographytips.com


Kodak.com


Photonhead.com


Betterphoto.com

Six Tips to Help You Clean and Organize Your Photography Studio

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1. Photography Studio Organization - Use good old fashion hanging files.

Believe it or not, in this digital age, the classic green hanging folder is still a great organization tool. Using manila folders to organize your photography studio's bills, invoices, and receipts is a good start. It is a lost cause however, if you don't have an organized place to put them. The hanging folder is the perfect place to put them

Don't have a filing cabinet to put the hanging folders in? Not a problem. There are several options available at your local retail store. I prefer the clear Rubbermaid bins. They are about 8 inches wide. This means they are easily stored in closets or on a bookshelf. Since photography studio space is usually valuable real estate, these smaller file boxes might be the way to go.

2. Photography Studio Organization - File your files

A great way to keep your files organized is to keep a file of all your files. What do I mean by this? Keep a piece of paper in your photography studio with all of your file folders on with their names. If the folders have sub-folders, list those too.

This will let you see if you have folders that overlap so that you can condense your folders. For example, there is no point in having studio file and a studio equipment file.

You could have this list written on a piece of paper, but that would just be one more piece of paper to file. Try keeping this record in a word or excel document. That way you have one less piece of paper in your office and you can update it much easier when you add new folders and files.

3. Photography Studio Organization - Throw things away

For some reason most photography studio owners have a fear of throwing client paperwork and photos away. There are certain things that you just don't need to hang on to. If you are a digital photographer there is no reason to hold on to basic prints. Create a varity of back-ups and toss the prints. You can always re-print them. If you aren't a digital photographer and have a traditional photography studio, invest in a scanner. This way, if you must hold on to prints for color purposes, you can scan them and toss the print.

There are some things you need to hold onto though.

Tax items are one thing you should hold onto. You should save your tax returns forever. The rest of your tax reports and receipts should be saved for no longer than six years.

Throw away papers that you don't have an immediate need for, can get a copy of easy, or that don't have any tax or legal reason to hold on to.

If you feel like you need to hold on to all your photography studios paperwork, than try scanning it all onto a portable hard drive. Then you can throw all the papers away. It will take more time than growing through all the papers away, but at least the hard drive will take up less space in your office.

You can scan model's head shots for reference later. You can scan pose ideas from magazines so you don't have clipping all over your photography studio.

4. Photography Studio Organization - "Assorted" Folders

How many other, assorted, or misc files do you have in your photography studio? You know, the folder that you put everything in that you just don't know where else to put it. That isn't organization. Odds are you can just throw it away altogether. A good rule of thumb is, if you haven't needed it or touched it in a year then toss it.

5. Photography Studio Organization - Get rid of business cards

There are so many ways to organize all your business cards, model head shots, and contact information. There are plenty of ways to get rid of it altogether as well. A simple approach is to take the business card or headshot and tape it or staple it the file folder it is associated with. At least then it is filed away instead of in a pile on your desk or in a drawer.

There are lots of gadgets out there made for scanning in business cards to your computer. If you are a digital photography studio, you probably already have a scanner, put it to good use. If you don't have the money for one of these than just take some time to enter the contact information into your electronic address book. Outlook has a great address book or you could even use your email clients address book. Anything is better than having them just laying around waiting to get lost.

6. Photography Studio Organization - Use the computer

Try using your photography studio's computer as much as possible. Use it to make your to-do lists, create address books, file documents, and more. The more you keep or put into your computer the less you have in your photography studio.

As I mentioned before, there are plenty of gadgets out there that can help you scan your files into the computer. Take advantage of them!

Amazing Secrets of Underwater Photography

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Do you like underwater photography? Do you want to know how it is done and what are the different things you should look out for when taking underwater pictures? Then you have come to the right place to learn what really underwater photography is. We all know that underwater photography can be a great fun and enjoyment activity and it can be more enjoyable experience for you if you really know all the nitty-gritty about underwater photography.

If you want to take beautiful underwater pictures then most importantly you should have a powerful digital camera which can work underwater without any hassles. Because it is not like that you go underwater and immediately start taking pictures. Rather you have to take care of many things when taking pictures in the deep water. If you do not take enough care then your pictures can become blurred and quality can be compromised. You should always look out for the direction of the sunlight underwater as sunlight travels differently in the deep water which affects the picture quality. You have to adjust your camera angle properly with the direction of the sunlight when you are underwater.

Then there is the impurity in the ocean water like mud and dirt which can really affect the picture quality underwater. This dirt can make the water so impure that you can not see properly in the deep water. But this happens most of the times only in the lakes and rivers. But many of the oceans are so clear and pure that you can see longer distance without any problems and your pictures most of the times comes as a quality product.

Many people who try underwater photography; takes their own friend's and families pictures and this can be more entertaining and really memorable experience for the family members to cheer for long time. But one of the most important factor every underwater photographer should remember is that the underwater currents and their effects. It is the most unpredictable factor which really affects our picture quality when you are underwater. When you are underwater it is extremely difficult for everybody to stand still in the same pose. And with the dynamic nature of underwater currents it becomes more difficult to give the still pose for the photo. So you should always keep in mind the direction of the underwater currents while taking pictures.

With the advancement of different types of digital cameras it will become easier in the future for us to take underwater pictures and really enjoy the experience of underwater photography.